ORGANISED AND UN ORGANISED DRUGS IN PHARMACOGNOSY

 

CRUDE DRUGS

It is the raw plant material that are used as drugs, are termed as crude drugs

Example: Leaves of Senna 

These crude drugs are furthur divided into 2- type.

ORGANISED DRUGS

This category of dugs are obtained directly from plant parts such as leaves, roots, stem.

EXAMPLE:

STEM- Ephedra- சோமமும்

LEAVES- Senna - ஆவாரை

FLOWER- Clove - கிராம்பு

FRUITS- Coriander - கொத்தமல்லி

SEEDS- Nutmeg - ஜாதிக்காய்

UNORGANISED DRUGS

1. RESINS - பிசின்

These are the secondary metabolite produced by higher plants and are the oxidative products of terpenes.

They gets converted into Polymers

It act as Coagulants in plant for response to Injury.

Eg. Benzoin, Asafoetida

2. GUMS 

These are the carbohydrates that binds with water to form gels (Hydrocolloids)

These are the mixture of Amorphous polymers and Monosaccharides

Eg. Acacia, Tragacanth

3. LATEX

It is the milky Exudates that coagulate on exposure to air.

It is the suspension/ Emulsion in which aqueous phase is composed of mineral salts, sugar, alkaloid

Eg. Opium latex

HISTORY OF PHARMACOGNOSY

 3500-1500 BC - AYURVEDA-  In this system Rig vedha and Adharva vedha Described the use of medicinal plant to treat disorders

1600 BC - Papyers Eber - Introduced the technique for Tombs of mummy, where Natural resins and Volatile oil and natural herbs are used to preserve the bodies of kings of Egypt.

460- 370 BC - Hippocrates - Known for his Oath for medical Profession, He is mentioned in the history as Father of medicine

384- 322 BC - Aristotle - Known for writing on Plant and Animal Kingdom

370- 287 BC- Theophrastus - Known for Plant kingdom

40-80 AD - Dioscorides - Described thousands of plant and animal products in his book De Materia medica

130-200 AD- Galen - Preparation of plant and animal drugs through isolation and his procedure are named as Galenicals. Also he is known as First pharmacist of the world

1785- William withering - Published his article on Digitalis, where it describe about the effect of cardiac glucoside on CVS.

1806 - Serturner- IsolatesvFirst alkaloid - Morphine

1819-1820- Alkaloidal Era- Identified many Alkaloidal drugs like 

Brucine from Nux Vomica

Piperine from Black pepper

Caffeine from Tea leaves and coffee beans

Quinine from cinchona barks

1893- Felix Haffman - Discovered Aspirin

1922- Banting and best - Isolates Insuline and explained about their application

1928- Sir Alexander Fleming - Discovered penicillin

1944- Walksman- Discovered Streptomycin